Pachenegs, who were cited as
"Patzinak" (Byzantium), Pecenaci, Pacinacae, Pezengi, "Bissenus"
(Latin), "Peçenyeg" (Russia), "Badzinag" (Armenia), "Beşenyö"
(Hungary) in various sources, went to Don-Kuban environs replacing Hungarians they forced
out of their country by crossing Volga in crowded masses in the first half of 9th century
in which they were in the vicinity of Cim and Yayık (Emba and Ural) rivers, probably
because they could not stand the Hazar-Oghuz alliance which revealed because they
jeopardized security of Eastern trade ways of Hazars by their raids. (about 860-880). This
was the first movement of great migration. Behing Pachenegs ("Turk Pacheneg")
who drove out Hungarians, there were Oghuzes, and behind them, Kipchaks were heading
towards the west from northern Black Sea. There was Kimeks further behind toward Siberia.
Pachenegs spread to the steppes extending from Don river to west Dnieper by driving out
Hungarians in Etel-Küzü in 889-893. In D.
Admminstrando Impeno (about 948-952), issued by
emperor K. Porphyrogennetos, showed that Pachenegs constituted a tribe with following
clans. Ertim (Erdem, Leader; Bayça, then Yavdı), Çor (Leader: Kügel, then Küerçi),
Yula (leader: Korkut-an, then Kabukşın), Kü hey (leader: îpa, then Suru), Karabay
(leader: Kaydu+m), Tolmaç (leader: Kortan, then Boru), Kapan (leader; Yazı), Çoban
(leader; Bata+n then Bula). Three of them (Ertim, Çor and Yula), which were referred to
as "Kangar" which meant "brave" in Turkish, were listed as follows,
being at the shore of rivers discharging to the Black sea in mid-10th century: Çoban
(Don), Tolmaç (in the region where Don discharged to the sea), Külbey (Donetz), Çor
(Dnieper's east), Karabay (between Dnieper-Bug), Ertim (Dnyes ter), Yula (Prut), Kapan
(mouth Tuna). The first three, Uzes, Hazars, Alans were in contact with Cremia region, and
had borders with Yula "Turkey" (Hungary) and Tuna Bulgarians. Some of the clan
names are some old Turkish titles: (Yula, Çor, Kapan=Khan, Kul, Bey) and comprise colors
with names of leaders: Küerçi=sky, blue; Kahuşkın = color of bark=pale, yellowish;
Sulu=ash color; Boru=grey; Yazı=dark (steppe color); Bula=piebald; Yavdı-bright. It is
possible that such colors which each tribe corresponds to as their own name in our source
may show that each tribe had different colors of horses or that each tribe had different
colors of flags.
In Pachenegs,
the clan number of which reached 13 in 13th century has the following person names: Aba,
Balçar, Bator, Bıçkılı, Yeke, îl- beğ, Kure, Karaca, Temir, Teber, Sol. In
addition, the following are names of castles pertaining to Pachenegs. Salma, Saga,
Kerbahg. Name of four Pacheneg castles could not be found out yet. It was concluded that
those words were rather Kipchak language type, not Pacheneg.
Pachenegs remained within the framework of only clan organization under their own leader
during their histories, and could not establish a state (II) unity order, however, knew
how to act together and in cooperation in war and defense times (Like Kipchaks and Uzes).
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