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Batu Khan
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Batu Khan had been known as the most valuable commanders and the
most intelligent statesman among Jenghiz's sons. However, it has been understood that he
had recognised the khan in Karakorum and he apparently was submissive to him in order to
protect the integrity of his khanate. Nevertheless, Batu Khan had performed all the
executions and activities upon his own will and arbitration in his own lands. His
domination had lasted until his death in the year of 1255. Batu Khan had established a new
administrative system that extended from the banks of Irtish River towards the basin of
Kama and the entire Idyll including the northern regions of Aral Sea, the banks of Ozu and
the regions of Turla (Dnestr) pursuant to his conquests. Then, he arranged the
Mongolian-Turkish army with a proper order with the capital city of Saray. Since the
performer of all these activities stated above was Batu Khan, he was duly considered as
the founder of the Golden Horde State. Although the organisation of this state was based
on the Jenghiz rules and the principles applied by the Great Mongolian-Turkish Khanate,
the arrangement of various local issues and the ancient traditions that were in effect in
these countries had to be taken into consideration. The system that was most appropriate
for the benefits of the Golden Horde State should be followed in the Former Bulgarian
Khanate and the Russian Princedoms. Therefore, it can be observed that the new system was
successfully applied by Batu Khan.
Batu Khan resided in the city of Saray; however, he was submissive to
his uncle, Ogeday (Oktay) who was the Great Khan that dwelled in Karakorum in legal
aspects. When Mngu who became the Great Khan in the place of Ogeday Khan died in the year
of 1259, Batu Khan became more disconnected from Karakorum; but he was still submissive to
them in the form.
While Batu Khan dominated in the city of Saray, his brother, Orda
governed the Eastern Kipchak regions. The eastern region of the empire was called as Ak
Ordu (White Army), and the western regions under the domination of Batu Khan was called as
Gok Ordu (Gok Horde). Then, the name of Gok Ordu was replaced by Golden Horde. The first
name of the state that we call as Altin Ordu (Golden Horde) today was the name of Gok
Ordu. The state was divided into two branches; however, the khans of the Ak Ordu branch
were submissive to the Khan of the Golden Horde.
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